IGCSE Notes 2019

Hitler's Early Role in the Nazi Party 1919 - Hitler joined the German Workers' Party (DAP), a right-wing group led by Anton Drexler. 1920 - Hitler became the Party's leading public speaker and propagandist. 1920 - Name changes to National Socialist German Workers' Party (NSDAP) 1921 - Hitler is elected Party Chairman and leader of the Nazis. Nazi Ideology Fuhrer The idea that there should be a single leader with complete power rather than a democracy. Autarky The idea that Germany should be economically self-sufficient. A strong Germany The Treaty of Versailles should be destroyed and all German-speaking people united in one country. Germany was in danger Communists and Jews were a 'threat' that needed to be dead. Lebensraum The need for 'living space' for the German nation to expand. Social Darwinism The idea that the Aryan race was superior and Jews were 'subhuman'. Changes to ...

Weimar Republic On November 9th, 1918, Kaiser Wilhelm 2 abdicated his throne after people revolted and he refused to make Germany more democratic. The next day, Friedrich Ebert (who was socialist_ became the new leader of the Republic of Germany, and the next day signed an armistice. Strengths of the Weimar Constitution A Bill of rights guaranteed every Germany citizen freedom of speech and religion, and equality under the law. All men and women over the age of 20 could vote. There was an elected president and an elected Reichstag. The Reichstag made the laws and appointed the government. Weaknesses of the Weimar Constitution Proportional Representation Weimar Germans voted for a party, not an MP. Each party was then allocated seats in the Reichstag exactly reflecting the number of people who had voted for it, which meant that there were lots of tiny parties and no one got the majority, Article 48 In an 'emergency', the president didn't need t...

1956 Poznan Uprising - Poland People wanted better working conditions, pay, lower taxes, lower working quotas and lower food prices. On June 28th, 1956, workers began demonstrations at a factory and they were joined by over 100,000 people. The protests became violent as the crowd freed prisoners, seized firearms and ransacking buildings. The rebellion was brutally crushed with around 75 dead and 500-600 wounded but it did lead to wage rises and other reforms. 1956 Hungarian Revolution  People wanted personal freedom, more food, removal of the secret police, and the removal of USSR control. On October 23rd, 1956 students took to the streets of Budapest, so Imre Nagy and Jamos Kadar were appointed prime and foreign minister. On October 31st Nagy broadcast that Hungary would withdraw itself from the Warsaw Pact. On November 4th, Soviet tanks went into Budapest to restore order and Nagy was tried, executed and buried and by November 14th "order" had been restored a...

Causes Superpower Tension All the tensions that had grown up between the USSR and the US, with Kennedy's promise to be tough on the USSR, the space race, nuclear testing, the US' funding of anti-communists in Vietnam and Laos, the failed Vienna Summit (1961) and the Berlin Wall. Fidel Castro IN 1959, Fidel Castro took over Cuba. He nationalized American companies, in retaliation to the Americans refusing to trade with Cuba because in 1960 Castro made an agreement with the USSR that the Cubans would send sugar in exchange for oil, machines and money. Bay of Pigs In April 1961, the CIA encouraged, funded and transported anti-Castro Cuban exiles to invade Cuba. It failed miserably and made Kennedy look like a naive idiot. So in 1961, Castro aked the USSR and the USSR publicly promised-weapons to defend Cuba against America. Events May 1962: USSR declares support to Cuba with arms. Sunday, October 14th, 1962: U2 spy planes fly over Cuba and reports that ...

Vietnam was a French colony that defeated the French in 1954. Vietnam was then split into two zones at the 17th parallel; the Viet Minh took the North, and a non-communist government took the South. Ho Chi Minh, the leader of North Vietnam, declared to be socialist in 1954. It attempted to remain neutral but ended up allying itself with China. The US was operating on the policy of containment, and it was afraid that if Vietnam fell to Communism, the rest of Southeast Asia would fall to it. Ngo Dinh Diem was the leader of South Vietnam with support from the US military. He was very unpopular. The Vietcong Diem's government was so unpopular that the South Vietnamese people turned to the communist guerrilla soldiers fighting to overthrow Diem. National Liberation Front. By 1964, there were over 100,000 Vietcong in South Vietnam and they were killing thousands of South Vietnamese officials a year. Why did America get involved? The US said it wanted to "save...

Farm Diversification ✰ Diversification - The process of enlarging or varying its range of products of the field of operation. HIC - UK Farm Shops: Customers buy produce at the farm Redevelopment: Converting areas of farms into more practical and profitable things, like turning barns into offices Organic Farming: Demand is growing and people are willing to pay more money for organic produce Energy: Converting fields into the wind or solar farms Pick-your-own: Saves money labour and transport costs Leisure and recreation: May involve completely changing the farm or modifying fields LIC - Kenya Horticulture: Growing vegetables, fruit and flowers for export GM Crops: Instead of growing organic crops, farmers grow GM crops to export to other countries Commercial Farming: Because people and the government need more money, farms go from subsistence farming to commercial to make money and export. Making Rural Life Sustainable HIC - UK Locals can form co-ops ...

In 1945, Korea was freed from Japan, and US troops stayed in Korea until 1946. The country was split at the 38th Parallel: North Korea (led by Kim Il Sung) was communist and South Korea (led by Syngman Rhee) was capitalist. The two countries hated each other. Causes D omino Theory: Eisenhower's theory that since the Soviets were getting powerful, and since China had turned communist in 1949, he believed that one country fell to communism, the others would follow. The US had to stop this. U ndermine Communism: In April 1950, the American National Security Council issued a report recommending that America abandon "containment" and start "rolling back" communism. C old War: Truman thought they were fighting the USSR for world domination. By supporting South Korea, the US was able to fight Communism without directly attacking the USSR. K im Il Sung: He visited Stalin and convinced him to invade South Korea. Stalin didn't think the US would get i...